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 Reasons taking too long to fill up. 

• Unloader leaking
• Bottle drain valve or relief valve leaking
• Air consumption increase due to some valve kept open, someone using air continuously, air leakage on pipe/ flange.

factors affecting volumetric efficiency,

• bumping clearance increase
• suction & discharge valves sticky, leaky
• Blow by of gas from piston side, Liner wear,
• low cooling water due to clog intercooler
• high temperature of suction air 
• Less air intake due to dirty air filter,
• Suction valve spring too strong

What is bumping clearance? What happens if bumping clearance too much or too little.

• 1. Bumping clearance is to accommodate thermal expansion and to avoid piston hitting the cylinder cover head.
  2. A clearance is given between piston head and cylinder head.
  3. Bumping clearance should be as small possible, high clearance reduce volumetric efficiency
  4. Low clearance will result in mechanical fault
  5. Bumping clearance to be checked and measured every major overhaul
  6. Bumping clearance normally 6% of swept volume
  7. Bumping clearance affect by thickness of gasket and bearing wear

Drawing: Air compressor & unloador

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