Location: Passing through tubes welded into frames. Tie rods extend from lower face of bedplate to the upper face of cylinder block.
Purpose: During firing period, there are downward forces acting on piston. There’s also equal forces acting upwards on cylinder cover that’s transmitted through the cylinder block, engine frame and bedplate transverse girder = tensile stress
Tie rods ensure any tensile stress will be well below fatigue cracking point.
Side note: It’s possible to keep tensile stress low by increasing section thickness -> very heavy and expensive engine